Dr R Shrikanth, Consultant-Medical oncology, HCG NMR Cancer Centre, Hubli
In today’s fast-paced world, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for overall well-being. We focus on healthy eating, regular exercise, and mental well-being, but often overlook a critical aspect of cancer prevention: understanding our genetic heritage. Knowing your family history can help identify genetic cancer risks, empowering you to take proactive steps toward prevention.
The Importance of Family History
Family history plays a significant role in assessing cancer risk. If multiple relatives have been diagnosed with cancer, especially at a young age, it may indicate a genetic predisposition. Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing specific types of cancer.
Types of Genetic Cancer Risks
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. These genes normally produce proteins that help repair damaged DNA, but when mutated, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer. Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a 45-72% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer and a 20-40% risk of ovarian cancer.
Lynch Syndrome
Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), increases the risk of various cancers, including colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, stomach, small intestine, and other cancers. This condition is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic condition that increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Caused by mutations in the APC gene, FAP leads to the development of hundreds to thousands of polyps in the colon and rectum, which can become cancerous if left untreated.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that increases the risk of multiple cancers, including breast, brain, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), soft tissue sarcoma, and adrenocortical cancer. This condition is caused by mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.
Other Genetic Cancer Risks
Other genetic mutations associated with increased cancer risk include:
- Cowden syndrome: Increases risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancers.
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Increases risk of colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers.
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN): Increases risk of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal gland cancers.
- Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC): Increases risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
Knowing your family history is crucial in understanding genetic cancer risks. By acknowledging and addressing these risks, you can take proactive steps toward cancer prevention. Embrace the power of knowledge and break the family cycle of cancer.
